In the era of technology, where the flow of information is faster than ever, it comes with threats like political misinformation. The excessive information shared by any person on social media without fact-checking, deliberately or involuntarily, and consumed by millions of people, is making room for political misinformation to foster. From deepfake videos to the use of AI in political campaigns, humiliating and disgracing other political parties, and shaping public opinion can be seen everywhere. Like all of the world, Pakistan is also trapped in the black hole of political misinformation.
Pakistan Through the Lens of Digital Disinformation The propagation of fake news is characterized by misinformation and disinformation. The first one refers to the spread of false news unintentionally, for example, you got a video where one of the members of the national assembly is abusing, and you shared it, that’s the misinformation. On the contrary, disinformation is a strategic tool that is used to spread fake news with the intention to cause harm to any adversary, people, or a complete nation. The political misinformation in Pakistan is shaped by both. When due to a lack of digital literacy, people fall for misinformation and even become the actors to spread that information. Whereas, the foreign manipulators, political adversaries, and propagandists use disinformation to shake the very roots of the already vulnerable democracy in Pakistan. There are incidents happened over time which alarm us about how political misinformation is a threat. According to a survey, Pakistanis are prone to political misinformation the most, other by the list are fake news related to international relations, military, judiciary, and health sector. The same study highlighted that within the span of three months only, there were 22 cases of fake news related to politics and politicians debunked by different sources, including government official sites, fact-checkers, and politicians themselves.
Elections Under Threat
The other disastrous threat of digital misinformation is its influence on elections. With the use of social media platforms like X, Facebook, and YouTube, it has become more feasible to mud-slinging (negative campaign featuring personal attacks) and voter suppression. Along with this, the use of generative AI also assists in launching false campaigns to disturb the electoral processes. Pakistan Therik-e-Insaf (PTI) was the first to introduce artificial intelligence (AI) into Pakistan’s voting process. The usage of AI-audio as their leader Imran Khan’s voice during the PTI’s December 2023 internet rally, which was viewed by 1.4 million people on YouTube, resulted in deepfake videos and an unprecedented amount of vote-swaying. However, this had allowed PTI to raise its voice, which was its right, but it also encouraged other parties to use AI in politics. As the AI is a game-changer and if not regulated properly, it can mushroom steadily enough to influence voter behavior, foster inherent tensions between communities, and determine the course of future elections. The power of digital media to shape public opinion might be used to corrupt the minds of voters, blurring the line between facts and false information and making people change the whole political landscape. This can be used by the propagandist, foreign enemies, and political adversaries against each other.
Social Media as the Accelerator of Digital Propaganda
Propaganda has always been a prominent feature of domestic and international politics. But in the modern world, this has changed in the form of digital propaganda, which spreads much faster than traditional forms, and one of its main drivers is social media, including daily user platforms like Facebook, WhatsApp, YouTube, and TikTok. Social media has the power to make anyone a hero or a zero in the blink of an eye. Let’s say you saw a post relate to any political figure with full sigma sound playing in the back, strong and compelling but emotional kind of captions used in the video and people praising him/her in the comment section, with the rush of dopamine you hit the like button and BOOM, now your feed is not your’s anymore. With time, you’ll most probably like that person, or if the propaganda is strong enough, you might become too hyper-sensitive to do anything and go to any extent for that leader. The same goes for any political misinformation, which forces you to think in a particular way without using your intellect, reason, the algorithm works like this, and the drivers of political misinformation know it well.
Response to the Disinformation The response of government and civil society towards the harmful impact of political misinformation has been strong. To regulate the fake news, Pakistan has its agency named AFP Fact Check Pakistan, which is part of the French news agency Agence France-Presse’s global fact-checking operations. The collaboration of civil society with mega tech companies to mitigate the issue of political misinformation can also be seen. In the 2018 general elections the Facebook, in partnership with civil society, published its “tips to spot false news” in Urdu and posted the tips as a public service announcement to the news feeds of Facebook users in the country. The law regarding cybersecurity, named PECA (Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act) also been enforced with recent amendments in January 2025. The PECA Act contains serious penalties against the propagation of misinformation, especially targeted at the national security of the country. It empowers Pakistan’s authority to take swift action against political misinformation through digital means.
Call to Action The response has not been adequate to deal with false news and political misinformation. We need to take one step further, as it is a matter of time. Pakistani citizens lack digital literacy; they are unaware of how to detect disinformation and misinformation, they are not politically aware as they should be, and they are more likely to fall for propaganda, as the campaigns of political misinformation are very exciting and emotionally driven. In this scenario, we need to educate them about the political misinformation. It can be done by adding the subject of digital literacy to the academic curriculum, which fosters the skills in kids and younger ones to detect fact and false news. In order to have a literate public, the government should launch a nationwide campaign with the help of social media, ads regarding political information should be telecast, and government officials, policy makers, and journalists should also be trained to protect themselves and society against political disinformation.
References https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Countering-Disinformation-in-Pakistan-2023.pdf https://gprjournal.com/jadmin/Auther/31rvIolA2LALJouq9hkR/diitGEnG9I.pdf https://issuu.com/theparliamentarian/docs/parl2024iss1finalonlinesingle/s/44994996 https://upgradedemocracy.de/en/the-credibility-of-pakistans-national-elections-is-under-siege/ https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2024/11/01/the-role-of-social-media-in-shaping-public-opinion-in-pakistan/
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