Parallel to your county’s economy, there is a secret, mysterious underworld economy operating within the boundaries of your state. Have you ever wondered that you want to buy something very mysterious, i.e., a weapon, within the jurisdictions of your state, but due to various legal constraints you can’t? What does it mean? Your state fails to provide you with your desired commodity. Here comes the underworld economy, known as the dark web or dark net. The same weapon, which you failed to acquire from your state authorities, is easily available on these dark platforms. But don’t forget that as you entered into this dark world, you were included in the denylist of your state, which means a threat signal is lingering over you. To better understand, let’s delve into the evolution of the dark world’s economy.
Concept of Webs: A Three-Tier Internet
Whenever a person uses the internet, they comes across three different types of webs. These include the surface web, the deep web, and the dark web. These webs work in the form of layers, one beneath the other. The ease of their access also becomes difficult as you go down all the way from the surface web to the dark web.
Surface Web The first layer of the internet, which is completely visible throughout the world, is known as the surface web. It is easily accessible to any user due to the fact that it utilizes legal domains and is indexed by popular search engines, i.e., Google, Yahoo, Opera, etc. All kinds of websites, web pages, videos, images, news outlets, academic content, and e-markets can be easily accessed on the surface web. Now, what people normally think is that the surface web is a vast, never-ending web, as it allows the users to access anything in just a few clicks. But to be honest, the surface web is just 4-5% of the overall internet.
Deep Web After the surface web comes another web layer, which is hundreds of thousands of times larger than the surface web. This is known as the deep web. The point to be noted here is that the deep web is not an illegal platform; rather, it is secured by various logins, passwords, paywalls, etc. Let’s suppose you created your Gmail ID. Now what does it demand from us? A login mail and a strong password. These credentials form the basis of the deep web so that none other than you can access your personal data. Deep webs are usually used by governmental authorities, hospitals, banks, private companies, etc. No doubt, through hacking and encryption, the deep webs can be accessed, but still these are the most secure web portals to store your confidential data.
Dark Web The Dark Web, as the name suggests, forms the innermost layer of the internet, which is commonly considered to be illegal. It cannot be accessed via local indexed search engines, as it uses illegal domains such as ‘. onion,’ which can only run via Tor browsers, also known as ‘the onion router.’ These dark webs are illegitimate in the sense that they provide a higher degree of anonymity to the users, which means the identity of sellers and buyers is encrypted and can’t be traced. This is the reason that dark webs have evolved into illicit marketplaces, illegal trading, and criminal activities. Unlike the surface or deep web, the dark web uses cryptocurrency, i.e., Bitcoin, for trade.
Evolution of Dark Web: The Cybercrime Economy
Emergence of Anonymity During the 1990s, the development of anonymous and encrypted technology became the need of the time for international intelligence agencies for the very purpose of mutual communication and coordination without any fear of intelligence breaches. Thus, the US Naval Research Laboratory laid the foundations of pseudonymous technologies. Paul Syverson, Michael Reed, and David Goldschlag were some of the prominent researchers who contributed their utmost efforts in this regard. During the initial stages, they successfully developed the onion routing, which is an encrypted system, just like an onion with layers and layers.
Tor Browsing The US research authorities, for the first time, developed the TOR system. Through the onion routing system, they developed Tor browsers, which enabled their intelligence agencies to keep their records, official documents, and confidential data within their domain. But, in 2002, the Bush administration made these browsers publicly available. The basic reason behind this was if only the US officials were allowed to use Tor browsers, there would be a higher possibility of breaches. By allowing the general public, the US intelligence agencies can smoothly operate their missions within the throng of people.
Digital Black Market: The Birth of Silk Road A single decision of the Bush administration laid the foundations of illegal dark web activities. In 2011, an American named Ross created a dark web platform known as the Silk Road. This platform, with the passage of time, got immense public attraction as it facilitated anonymous trading, drug smuggling, human trafficking, and counterfeit activities. The most important feature of this dark net portal was the use of cryptocurrency, i.e., Bitcoin, for transactions. At that time, Bitcoin was a newly developed digital currency, and its tracing was very difficult. Thus, Ross became able to use anonymity and cryptocurrency collectively without any fear. Up till 2015, the year when Ross was arrested, the Silk Road became the hub of illegal online trade.
Expansion of Underground Marketplaces The shutdown of the Silk Road didn’t come up with fruitful results. Rather, a new door was opened for others to develop similar yet more secure dark web portals. The post-2013 period witnessed a boost in the creation of a wide variety of dark nets. These include Silk Road 2.0, Alpha Bay, Agora, Dream Market, Hansa Market, Wall Street Market, and Cannazon, etc. These darn nets were created in different regions of the world, including Europe, Canada, America, and Russia. Learning from the past mistakes, each new dark web portal created was much better than its predecessor. Initially, only illegal drug trading was done. But, with the passage of time, the illegal weapons trade became the emblem of the Dark Web, thus opening the doors for violent non-state actors.
Cyber Threats and Artificial Intelligence
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the Dark Web is a modern cybercrime domain. The dark web users are now utilizing AI for creating deep fakes, phishing mails, ransomware attacks, etc. Initially, they have to dedicate their time to creating illegal tools for the Dark Web. As of today, AI has enabled them to do so in just a few seconds. Dark Web actors are also providing paid AI tools illegally to the general public. This has increased the pace of cybercrime activities with artificially generated pseudonymity, thus transforming the cyber economy into a more sophisticated and autonomous underworld marketplace.
Conclusion
Throughout the course of history, the Dark Webs have evolved at an alarming rate. Illegal activities, including human trafficking, drug smuggling, weapons trade, vicious killing activities, etc., have become a common routine. The international cyber institutions must develop a grand strategy to combat the anonymous cybercrimes via Dark Webs. For the general public, it would be better not to intrude in such illicit networks, as it can violate the code of conduct of their state. Be safe and aware of others.
Related