It has probably happened to all of us that while writing a text or giving a prompt to Chat GPT, our text is misinterpreted or just autocorrects on its own. So it is not possible to think that automated weapon systems, drones or detection systems will always be able to perform their designated functions without causing collateral damage. Something as complex as warfare, which has been difficult for human beings to comprehend despite living through centuries of it. Thus, we cannot be sure that the machines we program can effectively comprehend the state of being engaged in wars. Those machines will only continue to function as they have been programmed, without being aware that it is technological misuse and the fact that they are meant to protect civilians and not attack them. While all military departments of the world discern in times of warfare for all soldiers and weapon systems to “target combatants only and not civilians”. The problem is that in times of something as complex as war, how would autonomous machines function?
The AI Paradox: AI has facilitated us in fields of education, medicine, diagnosis, safety measures, house appliances and agriculture etc. It has played a major role in making people secure through camera systems, sensor security measures or image recognition (Apple Face ID) software’s etc. It has also made us vulnerable to being exploited from those exact machines. For example, the apps Alexa or Siri which are also used by people to perform basic human chores, can be hacked remotely. The AI dual use dilemma as the name suggests portrays an innate quality of Artificial Intelligence technologies that can be utilized for civilian and military purposes, which creates complex issues of the morality and legality of these innovations. When something that can be helpful for our day-to-day lives is weaponised or falls into the wrong hands, it gives way to not only extremist organisations to exploit those weapons, but governments also receive backlash for not being able to secure their supply chains.
The dual use dilemma: There is an abundance of risks to the employment of AI Dual use technologies like during an armed conflict the precision weapons that are supposed to function to protect innocent people can also be regulated to just achieve its target without assessing its range and thus can cause casualties. Similarly, facial recognition software is used for ensuring the security of your mobile data, but it’s also used by the militaries of different states for surveillance in conflict zones. Additionally, chat bots that are used for various reasons in our daily lives nowadays are also being used for psychological warfare and are leading people to commit crimes. On a larger scale for instance an AI arms race, states will continue to build and enhance their cyber warfare technological artillery as it is the need of the world ruled by AI. Hence, there is a need to build Ethical regulation of dual use technology.
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Multiple states leading the AI global race like China and the US are working towards enhancing their civil military fusion capabilities. For China it is a top priority in their NGAIDP and their 14th Five Year plan also highlights the importance of civil military tech deployment in its weapon systems upgrade. Similarly, the US is strengthening the ties between its “iron triangle ”; which include departments like the Department of defense (DOD), the industrial constituency faction and the Congress. The US aims to close ties with private AI sector through harnessing market driven innovation with government funding that will further facilitate civil military fusion e.g. Project Maven . To state that this Civil military technological overlap creates a major predicament for cybersecurity would be an understatement; this convergence requires consistent monitoring and nuanced approaches from all stakeholders involved.
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Striving for Ethical governance: States should do their best to control and restrict their supply chains and. Export control on dual use products is essential until a multilateral. The major problem here is that AI advancement is moving too fast for state policy to take action, and it is getting harder by the minute to catch up to it. While states are trying to move along and create several laws to keep things regulated like; the EU AI Act , the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL ) of China etc. Despite such initiatives the leading states in AI need to come together to build a comprehensive framework for global governance of AI.
Future prospects: As the world is evolving due to AI, it sets forth a precedent for us to also adapt to it, be aware of its pros and cons at all scales, and take necessary steps to protect ourselves from it. The entire international arena needs to focus more emphatically on building a global legal pact on such technologies. For instance, while we are using AI for everything, what we can also do at the least is ask it to assist us to map it out for us on how fast do we need to move to take action for building and strengthening global AI policy measures.Sources: Biscontini, Tyler. 2023. “Iron Triangle (US Politics) | EBSCO.” EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | Www.ebsco.com. 2023. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/political-science/iron-triangle-us-politics . Branka Marijan. 2023. “The Dilemma of Dual-Use AI – Project Ploughshares.” Project Ploughshares. September 18, 2023. https://ploughshares.ca/the-dilemma-of-dual-use-ai/ .
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